Navigation Light Requirements

This article provides an overview of navigation light requirements and serves as a guide for selecting the appropriate navigation lights.

Recreational boats operating at night are required to display navigation lights between sunset and sunrise. Recent changes to the Inland Navigation Rules have made them nearly identical to the International Rules. To simplify, we will describe the International Rules.

Types of Boat Navigation Lights

Sidelights 

- Port Sidelights: Red and shine from dead ahead to 112.5° aft on the port side.

- Starboard Sidelights: Green and shine from dead ahead to 112.5° aft on the starboard side.

Together, the sidelights and stern lights create a complete circle of light.

Stern Lights 

- Stern Lights:** White lights that shine aft and 67.5° forward on each side.

All-Round Lights

- All-Round Lights: White lights that shine through 360°.

Masthead Lights

- Masthead Lights: White lights that shine from 112.5° on the port side, through dead ahead, to 112.5° on the starboard side, covering a total of 225° forward. These lights must be positioned above the sidelights.

Basic Rules for Boat Navigation Lights

- Recreational boats must display navigation lights at night, between sunset and sunrise.

- The specific lights required depend on the length and type of the boat.

- Sailboats that are under power are classified as powerboats.

- Sailboats with their sails raised during the day, but also under power, must display a black "steaming cone" with the pointed end facing downward, visible to others. When under power, these boats must adhere to the navigation rules for powerboats.

Common Issues and Maintenance

- Ensure proper installation of navigation lights to avoid common mistakes.

- Replace any damaged lights promptly to maintain safety and visibility.

Portable Lights

- Consider using portable lights for smaller vessels such as dinghies, canoes, and kayaks.

Requirements for Navigation Lights Based on Vessel Size and Type

The requirements for navigation lights differ based on several key factors:

- Length of the boat

- Type of boat

- Operating conditions

The graphic below provides a visual overview of the navigation light regulations, and we will also explain the specific light requirements in detail.

Powerboats and Sailboats When Under Power

The basic requirement for vessels under power is to have sidelights, a masthead light, and a stern light. Below are some permissible variations to this rule. Note: Sailboats operating with engine power are classified as power-driven and must adhere to the "Under Power" rules.

- Powerboats less than 12 meters (39.4 feet) may use a single all-round light instead of separate stern and masthead lights.

- Powerboats and sailboats under power that are less than 20 meters (65.7 feet) can use a single bi-color light in place of sidelights.

Sailboats When Under Sail

For sailboats under sail, the basic requirement is to have sidelights and a stern light. The following variations are permitted:

- Sailboats less than 20 meters (65.7 feet) can use a tricolor light as a substitute for separate sidelights and a stern light, or they may opt for a bi-color light alongside a stern light.

- Sailboats less than 7 meters (23 feet) should, if practicable, display the lights as explained above. A suitable alternative is to keep an electric torch or lighted lantern (flashlight) ready, which can emit a white light to be used in time to prevent a collision.

Oar-Driven and Paddled Vessels (Rowboats, Kayaks, Canoes)

Rowed or paddled vessels may display the lights required for a sailboat. An acceptable alternative is to keep an electric torch or lighted lantern (flashlight) on hand, which produces a white light to be shown in sufficient time to avoid a collision.

Vessels at Anchor

When anchored at night outside a designated anchorage, vessels must exhibit an all-round light that is visible for at least 2 nautical miles. During the day, when anchored outside a designated anchorage, a black anchor ball must be displayed.

Minimum Visibility Range

- For boats less than 12 meters (39.4 feet), sidelights must be visible for at least 1 nautical mile, while all other lights must be visible for at least 2 nautical miles.

- For boats less than 20 meters (65.7 feet), the masthead light must be visible for 3 nautical miles, with all other lights visible for 2 nautical miles.

- Boats over 20 meters (65.7 feet) but less than 50 meters (164 feet) must display a masthead light visible for 5 nautical miles, with all other lights visible for 2 nautical miles.

Navigation Lights FAQ

What are navigation lights, and when are they required?

Navigation lights are essential for boats operating at night, between sunset and sunrise. They enhance visibility and help prevent collisions.

What types of navigation lights are there?

Common types include sidelights (red and green), stern lights (white), masthead lights, and all-round lights. Each type has specific visibility and placement requirements.

What lights are required for powerboats?

Powerboats must have sidelights, a masthead light, and a stern light. Boats under 12 meters (39.4 feet) can substitute a single all-round light for the separate masthead and stern lights.

What lights are required for sailboats under sail?

Sailboats under sail need sidelights and a stern light. Sailboats under 20 meters can use a tricolor light or a combination of a bi-color light and stern light.

What is the difference between international and inland navigation rules?

The rules for navigation lights are now almost identical internationally and inland, with both requiring the lights to be displayed from sunset to sunrise. However, it’s important to confirm local regulations.

Do I need special lights if my sailboat is also under power?

Yes, sailboats under power are classified as powerboats and must display the same lights, including a masthead light. Additionally, you must fly a black "steaming cone" during the day.

What lights should I use for small vessels like kayaks, canoes, or dinghies?

Small, non-motorized vessels may use a flashlight or lantern, but it is recommended to use a portable bi-color light for better visibility.

What are common mistakes when installing navigation lights?

Common mistakes include improper placement that decreases visibility, using lights that don’t meet visibility range requirements, and incorrect wiring.

How should I replace damaged navigation lights?

Replace damaged lights with the appropriate fittings that meet USCG regulations. Consider options like pole lights or LED upgrades for improved durability and visibility.

Are there specific requirements for boats at anchor?

Yes, when anchored at night outside a designated anchorage, you must display an all-round white light. During the day, you should display a black anchor ball.